第2讲 语法复习--The Passive Voice 被动语态-2021年新初三英语暑假讲义

3.0 envi 2025-03-27 4 4 36.36KB 8 页 3知币
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第二讲 语法复习--The Passive Voice 被动语态
一、知识整合
1.被动语态的定义
英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。如：We speak English.句子中主语 we 是speak 这个动作的执行者。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：English is spoken by them.句子中主语 English 是 speak 这个动作的
承受者，即英语被他们讲。被动语态相当于汉语中的“被”字句。
2. 被动语态的构成
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化来体现的。
被动语态的构成是：主语+be+动词的过去分词形式
人称、数和时态的变化是通过 be 的形式变化来表示的。
（1）、记住下面几种时态的被动语态的构成：
一般现在时：主语＋am/is/are＋过去分词（＋by＋动作的执行者）（强调动作的执行者）
Cars are made by them.
一般过去时：主语＋was/were＋过去分词（＋by＋动作的执行者）（强调动作的执行者）
The MP3 was bought by my father.
一般将来时：主语＋will/shall＋be＋过去分词（＋by＋动作的执行者）（强调动作的执行者）
The bridge will be completed in ten days.
现在进行时：主语＋am/is/are＋being＋过去分词（＋by＋动作的执行者）（强调动作的执行者）
Look, the children are being taken care of by teachers.
过去进行时：主语＋was/were＋being＋过去分词（＋by＋动作的执行者）（强调动作的执行者）
Trees were being planted here this time last year.
现在完成时：主语＋have/has＋been＋过去分词（＋by＋动作的执行者）（强调动作的执行者）
The meeting has been put off.
（2）、含有情态动词的被动语态: 主语＋情态动词＋be＋动词的过去分词（＋by＋动作的执行者）（强
调动作的执行者）原来带 to 的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。
例如：
We can repair this watch in two days. →This watch can be repaired in two days.
We must finish this work soon. →This work must be done soon.
We have to clean the classroom. → The classroom has to be cleaned by us.
3. 被动语态的用法
（1）、怎样确定什么时候该用被动语态？
①不知道或者没有必要说明动作的执行者。
②强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。
我们在做题时要注意：如果主语能执行这个动作，就用主动语态；主语不能执行动作，反而要被动作去执
行，这时就用被动语态。
（2）、主动语态变被动语态要注意几个问题
①时态保持一致
I have repaired my computer.---My computer has been repaired.
②如果要说出动作的执行者，并且这个执行者可以作主动语态中主语时，就用 by 短语，如果后面的词表
示地点，不是动作的执行者，就用 in 短语。
It is made by us. It is made in Wuhan.
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③主动句的主语是代词的主格形式，变成被动句 by 的宾语时要用其宾格形式。
He cleaned the car. → The car was cleaned by him.
④疑问句的被动语态，用 be 动词的对应形式代替 do
Does she drive this car? →Is this car driven by her?
⑤谓语为动词短语的被动语态不能丢掉动词短语的介词或副词。
His best friend often looks after him.→He is often looked after by his best friend.
⑥主动句中有一些动词如 buy,send,give,show,offer,tell,lend,teach 等，带有双宾语，一个是直接宾语（指
物），另一个是间接宾语（指人），主动语态变为被动语态时，可以把间接宾语变成主语，保留直接宾语，
也可以把直接宾语变为主语，保留间接宾语，但此时一般在间接宾语前加一个介词。
My father gave me a book.
→I was given a book by my father. → A book was given to me by my father.
She showed me some photos.
→I was shown some photos by her. → Some photos were shown to me by her.
注意：有些双宾语动词，如 do,pass,sell,send,sing，bring,write 等，变为被动语态时，通常以直接宾语作主语，
保留间接宾语，其前面根据情况用介词 to 或for
She wrote me a letter. → A letter was written to me by her.
有些双宾语动词如 answer,save,envy(羡慕)等，通常以间接宾语作被动语态主语，保留直接宾语。He
answered me that question. → I was answered that question by him.
⑦主动语态句中使役动词和感官动词的宾语补足语为不带 to 的不定式，但变为被动语态时要加上 to，这类
的动词有 make, have, let, notice, see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, feel, help 等。
Mr. Lee made him wash the dishes. → He was made to wash the dishes.
I saw a boy cross the street . → A boy was seen to cross the street.
⑧It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如 believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think 等可以用于句型
“It＋be＋过去分词＋that 从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。
比如：It is said that… 据说, It is reported that…据报道, It is believed that…大家相信,
It is hoped that…大家希望, It is well known that…众所周知, It is thought that…大家认为,
It is suggested that…据建议。　
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam.
（3）、不能使用被动语态的情况：
①不及物动词不能用于被动语态，如：happen, take place, last, cost, change，begin 等
The accident happened last night.（√）The accident was happened last night.(×)
②当直接宾语是反身代词时，不能用被动语态 连系动词无被动语态，而是用主动形式表示被动意义如：
feel, taste, smell, sound, look 当物做主语时，动词 sell, write, wash, cut 等用主动形式表示被动意义，说明
主语的性质、特征。
（4）、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
①英语中有很多动词如 break, catch, clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash, cut, wear 等，当它们被用
作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
This kind of cloth washes well. The coats sell well.
The knife cuts well.这刀好使。 The shoes wear long.这鞋耐穿。
注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
试比较：The door won't lock． （指门本身有毛病）
　　 The door won't be locked． （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）
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②表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out（出现）等以
主动形式表示被动意义。
③系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词 feel, sound, taste, book, feel 等在主系表结构中常
以主动形式表示被动意义。
Your reason sounds reasonable.
（5）、在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。
①在need，want，require 等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动
形式。
The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。
②在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾
语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有
nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting 等。
This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out 省略了 for me）.
③在too… to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
二、同步练习
1.单项选择。
( )1. I’ll tell you her address as soon as she ________ to me.
A. writes B. will write C. wrote D. is written
( )2. ________this kind of T-shirt ________ well in your shop?
A. Does; sell B. Do; sell C. Is; sold D. Are; sold
( )3. ----Your e-mail address again? I ________ quite catch it.
----Lin 123@ sina.com.cn.
A. wasn’t B. am not C. didn’t D. won’t
( )4. ----Have you ever read the book?
----Yes, I ________it when I was a child.
A. have read B. read C. am reading D. will read
( )5. Don’t talk loudly here. My little baby ________.
A. sleeps B. is sleeping C. was sleeping D. slept
( )6. ----Are you a baby-sitter here?
----No. I _____ after the baby instead of Mrs Green. She is away for shopping.
A. look B. am looking C. have looked D. looked
( )7. ----When ________ you ________ this book?
----I ________ it for two weeks.
A. have; bought; have had B. did; buy; have had
C. have; bought; bought D. did; buy; have bought
( )8. ----Kitty, will you go to see the film cold Mountain this evening?
----No, I won’t. I ________ it already.
A. saw B. have seen C. see D. will see
( )9. ----What do you think of my answer to the question?
----Sorry. What’s that ? I ________ about something else.
A. would think B. am thinking C. had thought D. was thinking
( )10. ----Hi! Mike. I didn’t see you at the party.
----Oh, I ________ for the chemistry exam at that time.
A. am preparing B. was preparing C. prepared D. have prepared
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第2讲 语法复习--The Passive Voice 被动语态-2021年新初三英语暑假讲义.docx

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