《2021学年八年级英语寒假讲义(人教版)》第8讲-句子成分与连词 教师版

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8讲 句子成分与连词
一、课前热身
Confidence is very important in daily life. It can help you to develop a healthy attitude. A study shows that
the people who are more confident are much (1) (happy), they can have more chances to make (2) (they)
successful. But how to be more confident? Here are some suggestions:
* Speak loud When you are not confident, you can’t do well in what you want to do. You speak (3)
such a low voice that other people can hardly hear you. Try to speak loud enough so that people can hear you (4)
(clear). The high voice can help you become more confident.
*Play sports Physical exercise makes you tired (5) completely relaxed. A strong body helps you be
full of (6) (confident).
* Encourage yourself Write down a list of things you did (7) the day to see how many things you
have done well. Did you finish your homework? Did you tell a joke (8) made everybody laugh? Give yourself
praise for the good things you’ve done.
Get rid of (消除) fear Fear comes along with failure. But it’s easy to overcome if you know that failure is
part of your life. (9) (do) hide your head just because you said something stupid last time. Try to start again
and believe you can do better.
Pick up a hobby (10) you like singing, sing as much as you can. In some ways, a hobby can make you
outstanding, and it will make you happy and confident.
【答案】1.happier 2.themselves 3.in 4.clearly 5.but 6.confidence 7.during 8.that 9.Don’t 10.If
二、知识梳理
词类
英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1名词n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy
morning
bag
ball
class
2代词pron.):主要用来代替名词。如
who
she
you
it .
3形容词adj.):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good
right
white
orange .
4数词num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one
two
three
first
second
third
fourth.
5动词v.):表示动作或状态。如:am
is
are
have
see .
6副词adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:
now
very
here
often
7冠词art.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a
an
the.
8介词prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如 in
on
from
above
.
9连词conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如 and
but
before .
10感叹词interj.):表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh
well
hi
hello.
句子的成分
定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分:
主要成分:主语和谓语
次要成分:表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语
I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
主 谓 定 宾 同位 状
语 语 语 语 语 语
1、主语
句子一般要有主语。在简单句中,主语一般由名词、代词、动名词或动词不定式(短语) 来充当。
动名词、动词不定式作主语时通常用 it 作形式主语。
1)名词作主语
English is very important. 英语是很重要的。
The students all love their English teacher. 这些学生都爱他们的英语老师。
2)代词作主语
They go to school by bus. 他们乘公共汽车上学。
Most of the students come from the countryside. 大多数学生来自农村。
3)动名词作主语
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 看电视太多对你的眼睛是有害的。
It’s no use regretting it. 后悔是无用的。
4)动词不定式(短语)作主语
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
It is very hard to get to sleep. 入睡很难。
2、谓语
谓语必须由动词充当,但动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语动词不能作谓语。可作谓语的动词一般
为行为动词(表动作)和连系动词(表状态),行为动词根据其后是否可直接接宾语,又可分为及物动词
和不及物动词。
1)及物动词作谓语
We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。
They respect one another. 他们互相尊重(对方)。
All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。
Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗?
2)不及物动词作谓语
He left here yesterday. 他昨天离开这儿。
You’re driving too fast. 你开车开得太快了。
The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走进教室,手里拿着书。
He went abroad in the September of 1988. 他于 1988 9月出国。
3)连系动词表状态
He is an excellent teacher. 他是位优秀的教师。
Her son is a friend of ours. 她的儿子是我们的朋友。
Ours is a great country. 我们的国家是一个伟大的国家。
The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。
3、表语
表语与连系动词连用,构成系表结构,说明主语的身份或特征,一般由形容词、名词、动名词、动词
不定式、分词等充当。如:
They are brother and sister. 他们是兄妹。
What I want to say is this. 我想说的就是这点。
Her father is sixty-five. 她父亲 65 岁。
John is captain of the team. 约翰是足球队的队长。
The poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。
The ones who really want it are ourselves. 真正想要它的是我们自己。
All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport. 你只需从机场打个的可。
My favourite sport is swimming. 喜爱的动是游泳
4、宾语
宾语是行为动作的对象,一般可分为动词宾语介词宾语,充当宾语的可是名词、代词、动名词、
动词不定式或个句子。如:
1 动词宾语
I like Chinese food. 我喜欢中国
I bought a ticket for Milan. 了一张去米兰的车
I enjoyed talking to you. 我和你谈话高兴
Have you finished dressing? 衣服穿好了吗?
2 宾语从句
We hoped that all would come well. 我们希望会好转
We expected that you would stay for a few days. 我们预计会待几天的。
3 介词宾语
My book is different from yours ( what you bought in the bookshop)
He is interested in music
4 形式宾语
We think it possible for him to pass the exam
We think it possible that he may pass the exam
5、定语
定语为句子的次要成分,修饰限制名词或代词的作用,可分为前定语和后定语。一般由形容词
性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词(短语) 或句子充当。
1 定语
His father is a doctor. 他父亲是一名生。
Mr. Green has two sons. 格林先生有个儿子。
I bought a new dictionary. 了本新字典
2 定语
The girl under the tree is Kate. 树底下的那个孩是特。
The man downstairs couldn’t sleep well. 楼下的那个人不能睡好觉
A man going to die is always kind-hearted. 之将死,其言也善
The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted. 送往委员会建议被采纳了。
3 定语从句
Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green? 旁边那个人吗
6、状语 (状语种类,以选择先讲时间,地点,方式,目的等,分解决)
英语中的状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词,主要由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词充当,或由
连词引导状语从句,表示时间、地点、程度、目的、方式,比较让步条件原因、结伴随等。
状语种类如
How about meeting again at six?(时间状语)
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.(地点状语)
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.原因状语)
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.条件状语)
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式状语)
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.伴随状语)
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的状语)
He was so tired that he fell asleep at once..(结状语)
She works very hard though she is old.让步状语)
I am taller than he is.比较状语)
7、宾语补足语
宾语补足语主要用来补充说明宾语,与宾语逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系,可由名词、形容
词、动词不定式、分词等充当。如:
1 非谓语动词作宾补
I have the car waiting. 汽车等着。
We had the machine repaired. 我们人修理了机
Why don’t you have your hair cut? 你为什么不理?
He made me repeat the story. 他要我那事重讲一
2 形容词作宾补
Tom found the climb quite easy. 汤姆觉爬山很容
You must keep it clean. 你要保持干净
注意:后形容词作宾语补足语的谓语动词有 keep, find, get, think, make 等。动词不定式作宾语补足
语时,当谓语动词为感动词(如 feel, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at 等),使役动词
(如 let, have, make 等),动词不定式不 to
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