专题4.非谓语动词之动词不定式

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动词不定式

一. 动词不定式的形式

主动被动

一般式 (not)to do (not)to be done

进行式 (not)to be doing (not)to be being done

完成式 (not)to have done (not)to have been done

二.不定式所作的成分

1. 作主语 eg: To go abroad is my dream. To be taken abroad is my dream.

不定式短语作主语时, 往往放在谓语之后, 用it 作形式主语.

句型： It is/was +adj.+ of sb. to do sth. (用of 的adj: rude, cruel, clever, stupid, foolish 等)

for sb. (用for 的adj: possible, important, necessary, hard 等)

It is/was + n. + (for sb.) to do sth.

eg:

It’s stupid of you to do such a thing.

It’s impossible for me to finish the work today.

It’s a rule for the students to clean the classroom every day.

2.作宾语

（1)只能接不定式做宾语的动词：hope, wish, expect, desire, pretend, manage, plan, intend, attempt, decide,

happen, seem, learn, offer, promise, refuse, seek, would like to, would love to 等

eg:

The book seemed to have been translated into English.

I happened to have witnessed the accident.

I hope to be praised by my headteacher one day.

（2)当主句谓动是 think, find, believe, make…用不定式做宾语时,又带宾补时, 常把不定式放在宾补后, 用it

作形式宾语：

sb. think/ believe/ find/make + it + n./ adj. to do sth.

eg:

I find it interesting to work with him.

He made it clear to go there with her the next day.

注意: 动词不定式在介词 but, except, besides 后面时, 如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do 的各种形式, 那么, 这

些介词后的不定式不带 to, 否则要带 to. 例如:

She could do nothing but cry.

I have no choice but to go. = I don’t have any choice but to go.

3. 作宾语补足语

1). to do 作宾补的词：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, force, get, like, order, permit, persuade,

prefer, require, tell, want, warn, wish 等。

e.g: I wish you to stay here with me.

2). 在see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe, make, let, have, listen to, look at 等感官动词和使役动词后的补足语

中, 不定式不带 to. 但是这些句子如果变成被动结构, 就必须带 to. eg:

I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song.

He made the boy play with him every day. The boy was made to play with him every day.

We are listening to him sing a song in class. He is being listened to to sing a song in class.

4. 作定语

1）动词不定式作定语时, 如其所修饰的名词逻辑上既有主谓关系也有动宾关系，当属动宾关系时, 即不定

式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者,而句中主语又是 to do 的逻辑主语时，不定式用主动表被

动，不定式如果是 Vi,不定式后面须加相应的介词, 介词由与其搭配的名词来确定. 例如:

The speaker to make a speech here tomorrow is a professor. (主谓关系)

The meeting to be held tomorrow is important. (动宾关系)

I’m looking for something to eat. (sth.与eat 动宾关系,I 与eat 主谓关系，主动表被动)

He is looking for a room to live in.

There is nothing to worry about.

Please give me a knife to cut with.

比较:

You will go to the post office? Have you anything to send? （动宾关系与主谓关系共存-主动表被动）

I’ll go to the post office. Have you anything to be sent?

I’m going to the market. Do you have anything to be bought?

I’m going to the market, for I have a lot of things to buy. （主动表被动）

2). 当被修饰词是序数词或被序数词修饰时，只用不定式作定语

Who is the first (student) to come to the classroom this morning?

The last one to arrive pays the meal.

5.作状语

动词不定式作状语表示目的, 原因, 结果或条件. 例如:

I came here to/in order to/ so as to see you. (目的)

In order not to be caught by the police, he left away from his hometown. (目的)

We were excited to hear the news. (原因)

He was too excited to say anything. (结果)

He was so excited as to say nothing. (结果)

He hurried to the school to find nobody there. (结果)

You were wise not to have cheated in the test. (动作已发生，先于主谓动)

The question is difficult to answer. (主动表被动) 人们认为 adj.后省略了 for one 或for people.

He is hard to get along well with. （Vi + 介词）

6. 疑问词+不定式

不定式和疑问词 who, which, when, where, how, what 等连用, 在句中起名词作用, 可充当主语, 表语, 宾语

等，相当与一个名词性从句. eg:

Where to spend our holidays is still unknown. (主语)

He didn’t know what to say. (宾语) = He didn’t know what he should say.

I’m thinking about what to do with the problem.(介宾)

The problem is how to get enough money. （表语）

注意: 在与 why 连用时, 只用在 why 或why not 开头的简短疑问句中, 后面紧跟的动词不定式不带 to.

Why not have a rest? = Why don’t you have a rest?

比较： What about/ How about (sb.) doing sth.?

eg: What about going out for a walk? / How about Mary going there with us?

三. 不定式的省略

省to 不定式的固定句型

1. had better (not) do… you had better stay at home

2. would rather do ...than do… I’d rather stay at home than go out

3. prefer to do ...rather than do… I’d prefer to die rather than steal

4. cannot but do 不得不…必然… He cannot but agree.

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