专题05 科普知识（1）-2021年高考英语阅读理解话题分类训练

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（1）海门市 2021 届高三第一次诊断测试之 C篇

In order to help discover spoilage(变质）and reduce food waste for supermarkets and consumers, researchers

have developed new low-cost, smart phone-linked, eco-friendly spoilage sensors for meat and fish packaging.

One in three UK consumers throw away food just because it reaches the use-by date(保存期），but 60%(4.2

million tonnes) of the £12.5 billion-worth of food we throw away each year is safe to eat.

The researchers, whose findings were published in ACS Sensors, say the sensors could also eventually replace

the use-by date-a widely used indicator of being fresh and eatable.

The sensors cost two US cents each to make. Known as "paper-based electrical gas sensors (PEGS)", they

detect spoilage gases like ammonia (a poisonous gas with a strong unpleasant smell) in meat and fish products. The

information provided by the electronic nose is received by a smart phone, and then you can know whether the food

is fresh and safe to eat.

The Imperial College London researchers who developed PEGS made the sensors by printing carbon

electrodes(电极）onto a special type of paper. The materials are eco-friendly and harmless, so they don't damage

the environment and are safe to use in food packaging. The sensors, combined with a tiny electronic system, then

inform nearby mobile devices, which identify and understand the data about spoilage gases.

Lead author Dr Firat Guder, of Imperial's Department of Bioengineering, said, ＂Although they're designed to

keep us safe, use-by dates can lead to eatable food being thrown away. They don't always reflect its actual

freshness. In fact, people often get sick from foodborne diseases due to poor storage, even when an item is within

its use-by date.

＂These sensors are cheap enough so we hope to see supermarkets using them within three years. Our goal is

to use PEGS in food packaging to reduce unnecessary food waste."

The authors hope that PEGS could have applications beyond food processing, like sensing chemicals in

agriculture, air quality, and detecting disease markers in breath like those involved in kidney disease.

28. What is the function of PEGS according to the text?

A. To improve the service of stores.

B. To help supermarkets store foods.

C. To improve the taste of food products.

D. To help people test food freshness.

29. What role does the smartphone play while PEGS are functioning?

A. It acts as an electronic nose.

B. It reads the data collected by PEGS.

C. It discovers the spoilage gases from foods.

D. It helps print the gas sensors onto paper.

30. What does Dr Firat Guder say about use-by dates?

A. They are not completely reliable.

B. They can help reduce food waste.

C. They are not accepted by consumers.

D. They are based on scientific research.

31. What does the author mainly talk about in the text?

A. The process of researching spoilage sensors.

B. A new technology in packaging to reduce food waste.

C. Use-by dates 'influence on supermarkets and consumers.

D. The application of spoilage sensors beyond food processing.

【答案】28. D 29. B 30. A 31. B

【解析】

本文为科普类说明文。为了测定食物的新鲜度和减少食物浪费，研究人员开发了一种新的低成本智能和环

保的肉类和鱼类包装变质传感器，希望它能很快地投入使用，并且应用于更广泛的领域。

【28 题详解】

细节理解题。根据第一段 In order to help discover spoilage(变质）and reduce food waste for supermarkets and

consumers, researchers have developed new low-cost, smart phone-linked, eco-friendly spoilage sensors for meat

and fish packaging(为了帮助超市和消费者发现食物变质并减少食物浪费，研究人员开发了一种新的低成本、

连接智能手机、环保的肉类和鱼类包装变质传感器)可知，PEGS 是用来帮助人们测试食物的新鲜度减少食

物浪费的，故选 D。

【29 题详解】

细节理解题。根据第四段 The information provided by the electronic nose is received by a smart phone, and then

you can know whether the food is fresh and safe to eat(通过电子鼻提供的信息被智能手机接收，然后你就可以

知道食物是否新鲜和安全。)可知智能手机会在 PEGS 运行时读取由它收集的数据，故选 B。

【30 题详解】

推理判断题。根据倒数第三段 Although they're designed to keep us safe, use-by dates can lead to eatable food

being thrown away. They don't always reflect its actual freshness(虽然它们的设计是为了保护我们的安全，但食

用日期可能导致可食用的食物被扔掉。它们并不总是反映真实的新鲜度)可知，Firat Guder 博士认为，使用

日期并不完全可靠，故选 A。

【31 题详解】

主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其第一段 In order to help discover spoilage( 变质）and reduce food waste for

supermarkets and consumers, researchers have developed new low-cost, smart phone-linked, eco-friendly spoilage

sensors for meat and fish packaging.(为了帮助发现变质和减少超市和消费者的食品浪费，研究人员开发了新

的低成本、连接智能电话、环保的肉类和鱼类包装变质传感器)可推断，本文介绍了一种新型减少食物浪费

的包装变质传感新技术，有望取代靠使用日期来断定食物的新鲜度，故选 B。

（2）广东省 2021 届高三年级上学期调研考试之 C篇

Until recently, several lines of evidence—from fossils, genetics, and archaeology—suggested that humans first

moved from Africa into Eurasia (the land of Europe and Asia) about 60,000 years ago, quickly replacing other early

human species, such as Neanderthals and Denisovans, that they may have met along the way.

However, a series of recent discoveries, including 100,000-year-old human teeth found in a cave in China,

have clouded this straightforward statement. And the latest find, a prehistoric jawbone at the Misliya Cave in Israel

dating back to nearly 200,000 years ago, which is almost twice as old as any Homo sapiens( 智人 ) remains

discovered outside Africa, where our species was thought to have originated from, has added a new and

unexpected twist.

The find suggests that there were multiple waves of migration across Europe and Asia and could also mean

that modern humans in the Middle East were interacting, and possibly mating, with other human species for tens of

thousands of years. “Misliya breaks the mould ( 模式 ) of existing assumptions of the timing of the first known

Homo sapiens in these regions,” said Chris Stringer, head of human origins at the Natural History Museum in

London. “It’s important in removing a long-lasting constraint(限制) on our thinking.”

Prof. Hershkovitz, who led the work at Tel Aviv University said, “What Misliya tells us is that modern humans

left Africa not 100,000 years ago, but 200,000 years ago. This is a revolution in the way we understand the

evolution of our own species.” He also added that the record now indicates that humans probably travelled beyond

the African continent whenever the climate allowed it. “I don’t believe there was one big departure from Africa,” he

said. “I think that throughout hundreds of thousands of years humans were coming in and out of Africa all the

time.”

The discovery means that modern humans were potentially meeting and interacting during a longer period

with other ancient human groups, providing more opportunity for cultural and biological exchanges. It also raises

interesting questions about the fate of the earliest modern human pioneers. Genetic data from modern-day

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