专题3 主旨大意题-备战2022年高考英语阅读理解微技能培养与训练

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专题 3 主旨大意题

【方法指导】

1. 主旨大意题属于归纳概括题。找准文章的主题句是关键。主题句定位法是一种行之有效的方法。在答

题时，我们可以读首句抓大意，读尾句抓大意，读首尾段抓大意。

2. 无明显主题句时找高频信息词。一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是

有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。

【典例 1】

Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation's

airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do. This is a very incomplete part of the picture. The FAA

realized that the airspace over the United States would at any time have many different kinds of planes, flying for

many different purposes, in a variety of weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was needed

to accommodate all of them.

【分析】

段落首句是问句或第二句的开头是指代词，那么第二句也极有可能成为主题句。该段第二句首词是指

代词 this，因此可以作为主题句的参考，incomplete part of the picture 是关键字眼。

【典例 2】

On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to be built,

particularly in developing countries where basic human needs have not been met. But such projects must

be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than

in the past. And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet

demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.

【分析】

如果句子中有出现转折词（but, however, yet 等）及总结词（so, thus, therefore 等），那么其后的句子就是

主题句。本段中以 but 引导的句子就是主题句，其关键信息为 higher specifications and more accountability。

【典例 3】

The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardizing human health. Tens of millions of

people have been forced to move from their homes - often with little warning or compensation - to make

way for the reservoirs behind dams. More than 20% of all fresh water fish species are now threatened or

endangered because dams and water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems

where they thrive. Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural

productivity. Groundwater aquifers are being pumped down faster than they are naturally replenished in

parts of India, China, the USA and elsewhere. And disputes over shared water resources have led to

violence and continue to raise local, national and even international tensions.

【分析】

有些段落中首句既不是主题句，也没有明显的重点句，整个段落就是平行内容的列举，这时候应当找出

这些内容的共同点或是列举内容的目的。第一句作为该段的主题句显然不够充分，我们只能抓住仅有的一

个关键词 consequences，但这个词太过宽泛。之后的每句话都讲到了一个反面的影响，所以为并列的列举。

那这五个方面的共同点就是都和环境有关，或者说这五个句子的目的是为了说明人类和其他生物的生存环

境受到了破坏。

【典例 4】

Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress, half of the world's population still

suffers, with water services inferior to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans. As the United

Nations report on access to water reiterated in November 2001, more than one billion people lack access

to clean drinking water; some two and a half billion do not have

adequate sanitation services. Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000

children every day, and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in efforts to solve these

problems.

The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardizing human health.

【分析】

第一段的首句虽有 dark side 这个关键词，但却没有匹配的选项，后几句中的关键信息为 water

services inferior、clean drinking water、sanitation services、water-related diseases，这些信息的共同点就是都

与health 有关，但如果这个共同点比较难概括，那么可以直接根据下段的首句确定该段讲的就是 human

health。即：The consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardizing human health. 所以如果

一个段落很难概括，不要着急，不要纠结，往下看。

Exercise

Text 1-3: Find out the sentence that can summarize the main idea.

Text 4-21: Choose the best choice that can summarize the main idea.

Text 1

People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or

other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and

fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were

called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.

Text 2

Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on

their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to

satisfy all students at the same time.

Text 3

Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a

child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding

something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand. A camper also needs one after the light of the

campfire has been out.

Text 4

Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten (咬) by snakes. “It was seeing people with snake bites

that led me to this career,” he said.

In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese

medicine. As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains. There he often heard of people who had their

arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.

“I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met. It was a very hot afternoon. The old man was

pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand. He at once realized he had been bitten by a

poisonous snake. In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart.

Rushing home he shouted ‘Bring me the knife!’ Minutes later the man lost his arm forever.”

“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes,”

Shu said.

The best headline for this newspaper article is .

A. Astonishing Medicine

B. Farmer Loses Arm

C. Dangerous Bites

D. Snake Doctor

Text 5

A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system… As part

of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city … The two

tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each

direction.

In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep

the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel … The wall is made up of four main

elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining. Each tunnel

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